The Battle of Fort Charlotte, also known as the siege of Fort Charlotte, was a two-week siege conducted by Spanish general Bernardo de Gálvez against the British fortifications guarding the port of Mobile, (which was then in the British province of West Florida, and now in Alabama) during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783. Fort Charlotte was the last remaining British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans, Louisiana. Its fall drove the British from the western reaches of West Florida and reduced the British military presence in West Florida to its capital, Pensacola. As the British military retreated to Pensacola, the Spanish garrisoned Mobile and renamed the site Fuerta Carlota. As the deteriorating fort provided little defense, Galvez ordered a palisade fort constructed on the bluff across Mobile Bay on land that is today the city of Spanish Fort. It was then known as La Aldea and was successfully defended in January 1781 by Spanish soldiers garrisoned there by Ezpeleta against a far larger force of British troops, loyalists, mercenaries, Choctaws, and possibly other Native Americans. The Spanish did not immediately turn their attention to Pensacola after the British defeat, as the British capital was well-armed and defended.

Galvez, joined by forces led by Ezpeleta, waited for reinforcements from Havana before attacking Pensacola in 1781. The Spanish victory during the Siege of Pensacola resulted in total Spanish control of West Florida. Ezpeleta against a far larger force of British troops, loyalists, mercenaries, Choctaws, and possibly other Native Americans. The Spanish did not immediately turn their attention to Pensacola after the British defeat, as the British capital was well-armed and defended. Galvez, joined by forces led by Ezpeleta, waited for reinforcements from Havana before attacking Pensacola in 1781. The Spanish victory during the Siege of Pensacola resulted in total Spanish control of West Florida. Galvez did not immediately move against Pensacola after his victory at Fort Charlotte, although he wanted to take advantage of the British disorganization caused by the attempt to support Mobile. However, since he knew that Pensacola was strongly defended, and armed with powerful cannons, he again requested large-scale naval support from Havana. He learned in April that additional reinforcements, including British Royal Navy vessels, had arrived at Pensacola. Without reinforcements, he left a garrison in Mobile, and left for Havana to raise the troops and equipment needed for an attack on Pensacola.